The Impact of Midodrine on Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy in Patients Admitted With Systolic Heart Failure.

ABSTRACT: Midodrine is occasionally used off-label to treat hypotension associated with advanced heart failure (HF); however, its association with changes in prescription of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) is unknown. We sought to evaluate the effect of midodrine on the GDMT prescription pattern and clinical outcomes of patients with decompensated systolic HF. We retrospectively identified 114 patients admitted to our hospital in 2020 with decompensated systolic HF who were prescribed midodrine on discharge and compared them with 358 patients with decompensated systolic HF who were not prescribed midodrine. At 6 months, the midodrine group had more initiation or up-titration of beta blockers, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors compared with the nonmidodrine group. Survival at 6 months was similar between the 2 groups, but the midodrine group had more frequent rehospitalization for HF. Our findings suggest that midodrine is associated with improved GDMT in patients with decompensated HF but may be associated with worse prognosis.

High Risk of Stroke in Patients With Worsening Heart Failure, Reduced Ejection Fraction, Coronary Heart Disease and Sinus Rhythm: Risk Prediction Score Analysis From the COMMANDER-HF Trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and sinus rhythm have a heightened risk of stroke. Whether anticoagulation benefits these patients is uncertain. In this post hoc analysis of the A Study to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Rivaroxaban in Reducing the Risk of Death, Myocardial Infarction, or Stroke in Participants with Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease Following an Episode of Decompensated Heart Failure (COMMANDER-HF) trial we evaluated how a previously validated risk model consisting of 3 variables (history of prior stroke, insulin-treated diabetes, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level) would perform, compared with plasma d-dimer, for stroke prediction and estimation of the benefit of low-dose rivaroxaban. METHODS AND RESULTS: Stroke risk and treatment effect were computed across risk score and plasma d-dimer tertiles. Risk score was available in 58% of the COMMANDER-HF population (n = 2928). Over a median follow-up of 512 days (range 342-747 days), 60 patients experienced a stroke (14.6 per 1000 patient-years). The risk model did not identify patients at higher risk of stroke and showed a low overall prognostic performance (C-index = 0.53). The effect of rivaroxaban on stroke was homogeneous across risk score tertiles (P-interaction = .67). Among patients in whom the risk score was estimated, d-dimer was available in 2343 (80%). d-dimer had an acceptable discrimination performance for stroke prediction (C-index = 0.66) and higher plasma d-dimer concentrations were associated with higher rates of stroke (ie, tertile 3 vs tertile 1, hazard ratio 3.65, 95% confidence interval 1.59-8.39, P = .002). Treatment with low-dose rivaroxaban reduced the incidence of stroke in patients at highest risk by d-dimer levels (ie, >515 ng/mL, hazard ratio 0.42, 95% confidence interval 0.18-0.95, P-interaction = .074), without any safety concerns. CONCLUSIONS: In our analysis, plasma d-dimer concentrations performed better than a previously described 3-variable risk score for stroke prediction in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, a recent clinical worsening and sinus rhythm as enrolled in the COMMANDER-HF trial. In these patients, a raised plasma d-dimer concentration identified patients who might benefit most from rivaroxaban.

Financial Implication of Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate Therapy in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure and Hyperkalemia.

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC), a newly-introduced potassium binder, can be used to manage hyperkalemia especially in patients with chronic kidney disease and in those on medical therapy which may raise serum potassium levels. The medication may incur additional costs but may in turn have a significant benefit in the effect of maintaining guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure. We aimed to investigate the financial impact of SZC therapy in patients with systolic heart failure.Patients with systolic heart failure who received SZC for hyperkalemia between July 2020 and March 2023 were included. In-hospital medical costs were compared between the patients who discontinued SZC and those who continued SZC. For the continue group, the cost of SZC was added. All patients were followed for 2 years or until May 2023.A total of 36 patients (median age 81 years, 56% male, median left ventricular ejection fraction 43%) were included. Total medical costs were significantly lower in the continue group (n = 12) compared to the discontinue group (n = 24) (3.1 [3.1, 6.2] versus 12.1 [3.8, 48.6] × 104 JPY per month, P = 0.039). In the continue group, serum potassium levels were decreased, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor doses were up-titrated, and the left ventricular ejection fraction was increased, whereas these parameters remained unchanged or worsened in the discontinue group.SZC may have the potential to assist in the up-titration of potassium-sparing heart failure-specific medications, prevent readmissions, and minimize medical costs, by preventing recurrent hyperkalemia in patients with systolic heart failure.

Sacubitril/Valsartan Cannot Improve Cardiac Function Compared with Valsartan in Patients Suffering Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation without Systolic Heart Failure.

This study investigates the effect of sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val) in patients diagnosed with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) without systolic heart failure (SHF).Nonvalvular AF patients without SHF admitted to the People's Hospital of Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from December 2020 to December 2021 were enrolled and randomly divided into Sac/Val treatment group (group T) and valsartan treatment group (group C, control). For subgroup analysis, patients were divided into subgroups with and without diastolic heart failure (DHF). After 1-month adaptive phase and subsequent 3-month treatment period, patients were followed up in the cardiology clinic. Plasma levels of biochemical markers and echocardiographic parameters before and after treatment were evaluated, and DHF scores were computed to assess diastolic function.Of 61 enrolled patients, 46 patients completed follow-up. Sac/Val treatment did not increase the percentage of sinus rhythm. Although N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) expression tended to be reduced in both groups after 3 months of treatment, the differences compared with respective baseline levels and between groups were not significant. According to subgroup analysis, although NT-proBNP expression in the subgroup with DHF was lower at follow-up compared to baseline, the difference was not statistically significant. Similarly, no marked differences in echocardiographic parameters or tissue Doppler parameters related to DHF were detected between the groups (P > 0.05). Additionally, a subgroup analysis found no significant variations in the echocardiographic measures (P > 0.05).Sac/Val is not superior to valsartan for the short-term treatment of patients suffering with AF without SHF in improving NT-proBNP level and cardiac function.

Beta-blocker use and mortality among patients with systolic heart failure and pacemaker rhythm.

AIMS: Beta-blockers are proven to improve survival among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Their efficacy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and pacemaker devices has not been demonstrated. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that beta-blocker therapy is associated with improved survival in patients with chronic heart failure and a pacemaker rhythm on electrocardiogram (ECG). METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a post hoc analysis from the GISSI-HF randomized clinical trial. We evaluated efficacy of beta-blockers by creating Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for pacemaker rhythm and heart rate, among other variables. Interactions between pacemaker rhythm, heart rate, and beta-blocker were also examined. Of the 6975 patients enrolled in the GISSI-HF trial, 813 (11.7%) had a pacemaker rhythm on baseline ECG. Of these 813 patients, 511 (62.9%) were receiving beta-blocker therapy. The effect of beta-blocker therapy on mortality was assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards adjusted for 27 co-variates. In the whole cohort, beta-blocker therapy was significantly associated with reduced mortality (hazard ratio 0.79 [0.72-0.87], P < 0.001), without interaction between beta-blockers, pacemaker rhythm and heart rate. Beta-blocker therapy was beneficial in the sub-group restricted to baseline pacemaker rhythm (hazard ratio 0.62 [0.49-0.79], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Beta-blocker therapy is associated with improved survival among patients with heart failure and a pacemaker rhythm on ECG. Further studies are necessary to analyse differences between atrial and ventricular pacemakers.

The effect of a standardized capsule of Aloe vera gel on the quality of life in patients with systolic heart failure: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.

This trial was designed to evaluate the effect of a standardized capsule of Aloe vera gel (AVG) on the quality of life (QOL) in patients with systolic heart failure (HF). Forty-two patients were randomly divided into two groups to receive either AVG 150 mg or harmonized placebo capsules twice a day for 8 weeks. The patients were evaluated before and after the intervention using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, six-minute walk test (6MWT), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and STOP-BANG questionnaires. Post-intervention, AVG group indicated a significant reduction in the total score of MLHFQ (p < 0.001). The changes in MLHFQ and NYHA class were statistically significant after taking medication (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). The change of 6MWT in the AVG group was more advanced; however, it was not statistically significant (p = 0.353). Moreover, in the AVG group, the severity of insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea decreased (p < 0.001, p = 0.01 respectively) and the sleep quality improved as well (p < 0.001). There were significantly fewer adverse events reported in the AVG group (p = 0.047). Therefore, AVG combined with standard medical therapy could provide more clinical benefits for patients with systolic HF.

Longer-Term Effects of Remote Patient Management Following Hospital Discharge After Acute Systolic Heart Failure: The Randomized E-INH Trial.

BACKGROUND: The randomized INH (Interdisciplinary Network Heart Failure) trial (N = 715) reported that 6 months' remote patient management (RPM) (HeartNetCare-HF) did not reduce the primary outcome (time to all-cause death/rehospitalization) vs usual care (UC) in patients discharged after admission for acute heart failure, but suggested lower mortality and better quality of life in the RPM group. OBJECTIVES: The Extended (E)-INH trial investigated the effects of 18 months' HeartNetCare-HF on the same primary outcome in an expanded population (N = 1,022) and followed survivors up to 60 months (primary outcome events) or up to 120 months (mortality) after RPM termination. METHODS: Eligible patients aged ≥18 years, hospitalized for acute heart failure, and with predischarge ejection fraction ≤40% were randomized to RPM (RPM+UC; n = 509) or control (UC; n = 513). Follow-up visits were every 6 months during RPM, and then at 36, 60, and 120 months. RESULTS: The primary outcome did not differ between groups at 18 months (60.7% [95% CI: 56.5%-65.0%] vs 61.2% [95% CI: 57.0%-65.4%]) or 60 months (78.1% [95% CI: 74.4%-81.6%] vs 82.8% [95% CI: 79.5%-86.0%]). At 60 and 120 months, all-cause mortality was lower in patients previously undergoing RPM (41.1% [95% CI: 37.0%-45.5%] vs 47.4% [95% CI: 43.2%-51.8%]; P = 0.040 and 64.0% [95% CI: 59.8%-68.2%] vs 69.6% [95% CI: 65.6%-73.5%]; P = 0.019). At all visits, health-related quality of life was better in patients exposed to HeartNetCare-HF vs UC. CONCLUSIONS: Although 18 months' HeartNetCare-HF did not significantly reduce the primary outcome of death or rehospitalization at 60 months, lower 120-month mortality in patients previously undergoing HeartNetCare-HF suggested beneficial longer-term effects, although the possibility of a chance finding remains.

Efficacy of Doppler echocardiography-guided ivabradine therapy.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the advantage of heart rate (HR) modulation using ivabradine referring Doppler echocardiography over the conventional ivabradine therapy without echocardiography guide in patients with systolic heart failure. METHODS: From October 2020, our institute updated the protocol of ivabradine therapy, in which HR was optimized to minimize the overlap between the two left ventricular inflow waves using Doppler echocardiography (echo-guided group). The degree of cardiac reverse remodeling at 3-month follow-up was compared between the echo-guided group and the conventional ivabradine therapy group treated before October 2020. RESULTS: A total of 28 patients (62 years old, 17 men) were included, and 18 patients were from echo-guided group. Left ventricular ejection fraction increased significantly in the echo-guided group (from 41% [28%, 49%] to 55% [37%, 66%], p = 0.007), whereas it remained unchanged in the conventional group (p = 0.333). Systolic blood pressure and the daily dose of carvedilol increased significantly only in the echo-guided group (p = 0.009 and p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Among those with systolic heart failure, a Doppler echocardiography guide might be a promising therapeutic tool in modulating HR by ivabradine in facilitating reverse remodeling.

Sustained-Release Ivabradine Hemisulfate in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: Ivabradine has potent actions in reducing heart rate and improving clinical outcomes of chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). At present, only the short-acting formulation of ivabradine is available that needs to be administered twice daily. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the role of ivabradine hemisulfate sustained release (SR), a novel long-acting formulation of ivabradine dosed once daily, in stable patients with HFrEF. METHODS: Patients with stabilized HFrEF in New York Heart Association functional class II-IV were enrolled and randomized to receive placebo or ivabradine SR in addition to standard medications. The primary endpoint was the change of left ventricular (LV) end-systolic volume index from baseline to week 32. RESULTS: We randomly assigned 181 patients to placebo and 179 patients to ivabradine SR. After 32 weeks, a significant improvement of LV end-systolic volume index from baseline was observed in both arms with a greater effect in the ivabradine SR arm. Ivabradine SR therapy also exhibited superiority in improving LV end-diastolic volume index, LV ejection fraction, resting heart rate, the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score, and hospital admission for heart failure worsening and cardiovascular disease in comparison to placebo. Overall adverse events showed no difference between the treatment arms. There were fewer occurrences of worsening heart failure in the ivabradine SR arm. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that ivabradine SR once daily in addition to optimum standard therapy improved heart function in patients with HFrEF. (Clinical Trial of Systolic Heart Failure Treatment of IvabRadine Hemisulfate Sustained-release Tablets [FIRST]; NCT02188082).

Beyond hypertension: Diastolic dysfunction associated with cancer treatment in the era of cardio-oncology.

Cancer patients are at an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Both old-generation cytostatics/cytotoxics and new-generation "targeted" drugs can in fact damage cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells of veins and arteries, specialized cells of the conduction system, pericardium, and valves. A new discipline, cardio-oncology, has therefore developed with the aim of protecting cancer patients from cardiovascular events, while also providing them with the best possible oncologic treatment. Anthracyclines have long been known to elicit cardiotoxicity that, depending on treatment- or patient-related factors, may progress with a variable velocity toward cardiomyopathy and systolic heart failure. However, early compromise of diastolic function may precede systolic dysfunction, and a progression of early diastolic dysfunction to diastolic rather than systolic heart failure has been documented in long-term cancer survivors. This chapter first describes general notions about hypertension in the cancer patient and then moves on reviewing the pathophysiology and clinical trajectories of diastolic dysfunction, and the molecular mechanisms of anthracycline-induced diastolic dysfunction. Diastolic dysfunction can in fact be caused and/or aggravated by hypertension. Pharmacologic foundations and therapeutic opportunities to prevent or treat diastolic dysfunction before it progresses toward heart failure are also reviewed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms of action of drugs that raised hopes to treat diastolic dysfunction in the general population (sacubitril/valsartan, guanylyl cyclase activators, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, ranolazine, inhibitors of type-2 sodium-glucose-inked transporter). Cardio-oncologists will be confronted with the risk:benefit ratio of using these drugs in the cancer patient.

Dapagliflozina para o tratamento adicional de pacientes adultos com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (FEVE≤40%), NYHA II-IV e sintomáticos apesar do uso de terapia padrão com inibidor da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (IECA) ou Antagonista do Receptor da angiotensina II (ARA II), com betabloqueadores, diuréticos e antagonista do receptor de mineralocorticoides / Dapagliflozin for the additional treatment of adult heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (LVEF≤40%), NYHA II-IV and symptomatic despite the use of standard Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor therapy (ACEI) or Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist (ARA II), with beta-blockers, diuretics and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists

INTRODUÇÃO: A IC é uma síndrome clínica complexa, na qual o coração é incapaz de bombear sangue de forma a atender às necessidades metabólicas tissulares representando um desafio pelo caráter progressivo da doença, a limitação da qualidade de vida e a alta mortalidade. É a principal causa de re-hospitalização no Brasil, com elevada mortalidade em cinco anos e se constatando que uma em cada cinco pessoas tem chance de desenvolvê-la ao longo da vida. A dapagliflozina age por inibição do cotransportador sódio-glicose 2 (SGLT2) melhorando o controle glicêmico em pacientes com diabetes mellitus e promovendo benefícios cardiovasculares. A inibição do SGLT2 promove redução da absorção de glicose do filtrado glomerular no túbulo renal proximal, com diminuição da reabsorção de sódio, levando à excreção urinária da glicose e diurese osmótica. Desta forma, aumenta a entrega de sódio ao túbulo distal, o qual aumenta a retroalimentação no túbulo glomerular e reduz a pressão intraglomerular. Este efeito combinado com a diurese osmóticaleva a uma redução na sobrecarga de volume, redução na pressão

Patient Perceptions of Exertion and Dyspnea With Interleukin-1 Blockade in Patients With Recently Decompensated Systolic Heart Failure.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockade is an anti-inflammatory treatment that may affect exercise capacity in heart failure (HF). We evaluated patient-reported perceptions of exertion and dyspnea at submaximal exercise during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of IL-1 blockade in patients with systolic HF (REDHART [Recently Decompensated Heart Failure Anakinra Response Trial]). Patients underwent maximal CPET at baseline, 2, 4, and 12 weeks and rated their perceived level of exertion (RPE, on a scale from 6 to 20) and dyspnea on exertion (DOE, on a scale from 0 to 10) every 3 minutes throughout exercise. Patients also answered 2 questionnaires to assess HF-related quality of life: the Duke Activity Status Index and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. From baseline to the 12-week follow-up, IL-1 blockade significantly reduced RPE and DOE at 3- and 6-minutes during CPET without changing values for heart rate, oxygen consumption, and cardiac workload at 3- and 6-minutes. Linear regression identified 6-minute RPE to be a strong independent predictor of both physical symptoms (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; ß = 0.474, p = 0.002) and perceived exercise capacity (Duke Activity Status Index; ß = -0.443, p = 0.008). In conclusion, patient perceptions of exertion and dyspnea at submaximal exercise may be valuable surrogates for quality of life and markers of response to IL-1 blockade in patients with HF.

Doppler Echocardiography-Guided Heart Rate Modulation Therapy Using Ivabradine in a Patient with Systolic Heart Failure.

Heart rate reduction using ivabradine, a selective If channel blocker that purely decreases heart rate without affecting hemodynamics, improves clinical outcomes in patients with systolic heart failure. However, the ideal heart rate that should be a target remains unknown. Our team recently proposed a methodology using Doppler echocardiography to estimate ideal heart rate, at which E-wave and A-wave stand adjacent without overlap. However, the implication of Doppler echocardiography-guided heart rate modulation therapy using ivabradine remains uncertain. We had a 72-year-old man with systolic heart failure and sinus tachycardia who initiated ivabradine therapy. Ivabradine dose was adjusted between 5.0 mg/day and 10.0 mg/day and continued for 12 weeks to minimize the overlap between the two echocardiography waves, accompanying improvement in cardiac output, left ventricular ejection fraction, plasma B-type natriuretic peptide, and six-minute walk distance. Doppler echocardiography-guided heart rate regulation therapy using ivabradine may be a promising strategy to improve cardiac function and clinical outcomes in patients with systolic heart failure, although further studies are required to validate this hypothesis.

Impact of sacubitril/valsartan on systolic heart failure: Right heart location and clustering analysis.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a heterogeneous syndrome. In heart failure (HF) classifications, right ventricle (RV) function was for a long time unrecognized in favor of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The response to sacubitril/valsartan might differ according to phenotypes and the impact of right ventricular characteristics on this response remains controversial. OBJECTIVES: First, we applied clustering analysis in a HFrEF population undergoing sacubitril/valsartan treatment according to guidelines, to identify phenotypes and their associated clinical outcomes. Secondly, we evaluated RV-remodeling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It is a prospective, observational, single-center study conducted on 108 symptomatic patients (mean age 66 ±12.8 years, 22.2% women). First, the clustering analysis was applied in a HFrEF population undergoing sacubitril/valsartan treatment, according to the guidelines, in order to identify phenotypes and clinical outcomes associated with them. Secondly, we evaluated RV-remodeling. RESULTS: Two distinct clusters were identified. Among the differences between phenotypes, RV (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) 16 ±4 mm compared to 19 ±4 mm, p < 0.001; RV free wall strain -19 ±5% compared to -21 ±4%, p = 0.046; RV fraction area change (FAC) 31 ±9% compared to 38 ±9%, p < 0.001), LV-filling pressure (E-wave deceleration time 138 (median: 41) ms compared to 180 (median: 94) ms, p < 0.001; E/e' 16.7 (median: 8.0) ms compared to 13.0 (median: 9.7) ms, p = 0.02) and creatinine level (106 ±34 µmol/L compared to 90 ±19 µmol/L, p = 0.002) were substantially different at the initiation of therapy. Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) or death occurred in 38 out of 107 patients: 51.1% in cluster 1 compared to 24.2% in cluster 2 (p = 0.0074). A significant improvement in RV-functional parameters was observed under treatment. The TAPSE improved and correlated with the change in left ventricular (LV) function. Yet, it did not correlate with systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and LV end-diastolic diameter. CONCLUSIONS: The HFrEF phenotype characterized by more severe RV dysfunction has a worse prognosis during sacubitril/valsartan therapy. Both RVand LV functions significantly improve when the patient is treated with sacubitril/valsartan.

Oral N-acetylcysteine as an adjunct to standard medical therapy improved heart function in cases with stable class II and III systolic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: This research attempted to assess whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as adjunctive therapy can be useful in the treatment of patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS: Fifty-five cases with diagnosed systolic HF and stable symptomatic New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II and III and on optimal medical treatment of HF for at least 3 months were assigned for receiving oral NAC (600 mg twice daily) or placebo for 12 weeks. The outcomes were changes in the echocardiographic hemodynamic indices as well as the patients' functional capacity assessed by NYHA classification over a 12-week treatment. RESULTS: Compared to placebo, NAC more significantly improved the systolic left ventricular (LV) function expressed as the ejection fraction and Tei index. These changes are accompanied by more improvement in other LV echocardiographic indices including LV end-diastolic volume index and LV global longitudinal strain in the patients receiving NAC in comparison with those receiving placebo. In parallel with the improvement of LV function, right ventricular (RV) function expressed as RV fractional area change and RV Tei-index also got more improvement in those receiving NAC than those receiving placebo. However, the change in RV global longitudinal strain did not show a significant difference between study groups. Additionally, at week 12, the distribution of the NYHA functional class also shifted toward a better outcome in the NAC group in comparison with the placebo group; however, it was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data support experimental findings showing that NAC supplementation is able to improve heart function. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The registration of the trial was done at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( www.irct.ir ). Identifier code: IRCT20120215009014N333. Registration date: 2020-01-11.

Outcome Benefits Seen With 1 Year of Optimized Sacubitril/Valsartan for the Treatment of Systolic Heart Failure Managed by Pharmacists in a Cardiology Practice.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacists' care in heart failure (HF) management has been shown to better clinical outcomes, including use of guideline-directed medical therapy and hospital readmission, although the impact observed has varied among studies. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the rates of all-cause hospitalization and hospitalization from HF (hHF) and changes in surrogate markers (left-ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association Functional Classification [NYHA FC], diuretic requirements) for patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) on angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi) therapy optimized within a pharmacist clinic. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients with HFrEF on sacubitril/valsartan from July 7, 2015, through January 1, 2018. RESULTS: For the primary outcome analysis, 70 patients with pre/post hospitalization data had a reduction in the rate of all-cause hospitalization from 45.7% in the 12 months prior to ARNi therapy initiation to 24.3% during the first year on optimized ARNi therapy (P = 0.004). The rate of hHF reduced from 24.3% to 8.6% (P = 0.003). For the secondary outcome analyses at the 6-month assessment point, which included 104 patients, ejection fraction improved from 26% to 34% (P < 0.001), NYHA FC improved or remained unchanged in 86.6% of patients, and weekly loop diuretic dosing requirements were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Real-world use of sacubitril/valsartan optimized within a pharmacist clinic was associated with reduced prevalence of all-cause and hHF during the first year of ARNi therapy. This study corroborates pharmacist involvement in HF management, which could be used to support further research and expanded pharmacist services.

Poor efficacy of oral iron replacement therapy in pediatric patients with heart failure.

INTRODUCTION: Iron deficiency is associated with worse outcomes in children and adults with systolic heart failure. While oral iron replacement has been shown to be ineffective in adults with heart failure, its efficacy in children with heart failure is unknown. We hypothesised that oral iron would be ineffective in replenishing iron stores in ≥50% of children with heart failure. METHODS: We performed a single-centre retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≤21 years with systolic heart failure and iron deficiency who received oral iron between 01/2013 and 04/2019. Iron deficiency was defined as ≥2 of the following: serum iron <50 mcg/dL, serum ferritin <20 ng/mL, transferrin >300 ng/mL, transferrin saturation <15%. Iron studies and haematologic indices pre- and post-iron therapy were compared using paired-samples Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Fifty-one children with systolic heart failure and iron deficiency (median age 11 years, 49% female) met inclusion criteria. Heart failure aetiologies included cardiomyopathy (51%), congenital heart disease (37%), and history of heart transplantation with graft dysfunction (12%). Median dose of oral iron therapy was 2.9 mg/kg/day of elemental iron, prescribed for a median duration of 96 days. Follow-up iron testing was available for 20 patients, of whom 55% (11/20) remained iron deficient despite oral iron therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on the efficacy of oral iron therapy in children with heart failure. Over half of the children with heart failure did not respond to oral iron and remained iron deficient.

Cost-effectiveness evaluation of add-on dapagliflozin for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction from perspective of healthcare systems in Asia-Pacific region.

BACKGROUND: With emerging evidence on the efficacy of adding dapagliflozin to standard care for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), this study assessed the cost-effectiveness of add-on dapagliflozin to standard care versus standard care alone for HFrEF from the perspective of healthcare systems in the Asia-Pacific region. METHODS: A Markov model was applied to project the outcomes of treatment in terms of lifetime medical cost and quality-adjusted life-years. The transition probabilities between health states in the model were obtained from the Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction trial. Country-specific costs and utilities were extracted for modeling. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio against a country-specific willingness-to-pay threshold was applied to determine the cost-effectiveness of treatment. A series of sensitivity analyses were performed to ensure the robustness of the study results. Costs are presented in 2020 United States dollars. RESULTS: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for add-on dapagliflozin versus standard care alone were $5277, $9980, $12,305, $16,705, and $23,227 per quality-adjusted life-year gained in Korea, Australia, Taiwan, Japan, and Singapore, respectively. When using add-on dapagliflozin to standard care versus standard care alone, ~ 100% of simulations were cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of one gross domestic product per capita of the given Asia-Pacific country; however, the probability of being cost-effective for using add-on dapagliflozin decreased when the time horizon for simulation was restricted to 18 months and when the cardiovascular mortality for the two treatments (43.8% and 33.0%, respectively) was assumed to be the same. The cost-effectiveness results were most sensitive to cardiovascular mortality of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Adding dapagliflozin to standard care is cost-effective for HFrEF in healthcare systems in the Asia-Pacific region, which supports the rational use of dapagliflozin for HFrEF in this region.